What is propolis and what is its use in the hive?

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from various plant materials, particularly tree buds and sap. In the hive, bees use propolis primarily for sealing cracks and crevices. This action helps to maintain a stable environment within the hive, protecting it from harsh weather conditions and external threats. Additionally, propolis has antimicrobial properties, which help to disinfect the hive and reduce the presence of harmful bacteria and viruses. By coating the interior surfaces of the hive with propolis, bees create a more sanitary living space and enhance the overall health of the colony.

The other options, while they describe various aspects of beekeeping or bee behavior, do not correctly identify the primary function of propolis. It is not a nectar source, which is specifically used for honey production, nor is it pollen, which is collected for feeding the young bees. Additionally, propolis is not a chemical designed to repel pests, although its properties do contribute to the overall biosecurity of the hive environment.